Ukusebenza okuphumelelako ebujamweni bokutjhisa okuphezulu.

Emikhakheni yezebubulo ephezulu efana nama-semiconductors, ukutjhisa okunembileko, i-aerospace, namakhemikhali athuthukileko, ubujamo obubudisi bokusebenza bokutjhisa okuphezulu, ukutjhuguluka okurhabako kwezinga lokutjhisa, ukugqwala okunamandla, nokuvikelwa okuphezulu bekusolo kuyinselele eqakathekileko ekhandela ukunzinza kwemitjhini, ukukhiqizwa komkhiqizo, nokuphepha kokukhiqiza. Ingilazi yendabuko, ama-ceramics ajayelekileko, kanye neensimbi zithambekele ekuguqukeni, ukuqhekeka, ukugqwala, nokuhluleka kokuvikela ngaphasi kweendawo ezinezinga eliphezulu lokutjhisa, okwenza bona zingafaneleki ukukhiqizwa kwezebubulo okunemba khulu, okuthatha isikhathi eside. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, izinto ze-quartz, ngezakhiwo zazo ezihlukileko ze-physicochemical, zibe yisisekelo esiyinhloko sezimo zezimboni ezinezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Iinzuzo zabo ezinengi zokusebenza zikghonakalisa ukuphumelela ebujameni bokusebenza, ukunikela isekelo eliqakathekileko lokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi, ukwehlisa iindleko, nokuthuthukisa ukukhiqiza okusezingeni eliphezulu.

Ngokuya kwedatha evela ephrojekthini ekhethekileko yokurhubhulula "Ukuhlaziywa kweenzuzo zokusebenza kwezinto ze-quartz ngaphasi kweendawo ezinezinga lokutjhisa eliphezulu," izinto ze-quartz, ezine-silicon dioxide ehlanzekileko njengesisekelo esiyinhloko, zineenzuzo ezinengi ezihlanganisiweko, ezifaka hlangana ukujamelana nokutjhisa okuphezulu khulu, ukunwebeka okuphasi khulu kokutjhisa, ukujamelana nokutjhisa okukhulu kwamakhemikhali ukuzinza, ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside kokuvikela, nokusebenza okuzinzileko kwe-optical. Iinkomba zayo eziqakathekileko zokusebenza zidlula khulu lezo zezinto zebubulo zendabuko, okwenza bona ifaneleke khulu eenkhathini ezihlukahlukeneko zokusebenza kwebubulo ezinezinga eliphezulu khulu. Nje sele iyinto ekhethwako yeengcenye eziqakathekileko zemitjhini yamabubulo ephezulu kanye nezinto ezisetjenziswako eenkambisweni zokukhiqiza ngokunembileko.

Ukujamelana nokuTjhisa okuPhezulu: Isisekelo esiqinileko sokuSebenza kokuTjhisa okuPhezulu

Ukujamelana namazinga womtjhiso aphezulu yinzuzo eqakathekileko yezinto ze-quartz, ukurarulula ngokupheleleko amaphuzu wobuhlungu webubulo wokuthamba, ukutjhuguluka, nokubhalelwa kwezinto zendabuko emazingeni womtjhiso aphezulu. Idatha itjengisa bona imikhiqizo ejayelekileko ye-quartz ekhanyako inephuzu lokuthamba elifika ku-1700°C, ingafinyelela ukusebenza okuzinzileko kwesikhathi eside ku-1200°C ngaphasi kweemeko ezijayelekileko zokusebenza, begodu ingajamelana nomthelela wesikhathi esifitjhani wezinga lokutjhisa eliphezulu le-1400°C. Iinsetjenziswa ze-quartz ezitjhugululiweko ezihlanzekileko zitjengisa ukusebenza okuhle khulu, ngamazinga womtjhiso wokusebenza aragela phambili afinyelela ku-1300°C, begodu ukwakheka kwazo namandla womzimba ahlala angatjhuguluki eendaweni ezinezinga eliphezulu lokutjhisa.

Nayiqathaniswa nokubekezelela amazinga womtjhiso amakhulu wengilazi ejayelekileko (600°C) kanye nokutjhisa okuphezulu kwama-ceramics ajayelekileko, izinto ze-quartz zingajamelana nobujamo bomtjhiso ophezulu khulu njengokutjhisa okuphezulu, ukukhula kwamakristalu, ukuphathwa komtjhiso we-vacuum, nokulingiswa kwebhoduluko lokutjhisa le-aerospace isikhathi eside. Lokhu kugwema imiraro efana nokutjhuguluka komgodi wemitjhini nokuphambuka kwepharamitha yenqubo, ukuqinisekisa ukuragela phambili nokuzinza komkhiqizo wezebubulo begodu kwehlisa khulu isikhathi sokungasebenzi kwemitjhini malungana nokutlhogonyelwa.

Ukunwebeka okuphasi khulu kokutjhisa + ukujamelana nokutjhisa okuphezulu, okuvumelana nobujamo bokutjhuguluka kwezinga lokutjhisa okurhabako.

Ukutjhisa njalo, ukupholisa, nokutjhuguluka kwemijikelezo yokutjhisa nokubandako emkhiqizweni wamabubulo wamazinga aphezulu womtjhiso ziimbangela ezikulu zokuqhekeka kwezinto nokulimala kwemitjhini. Iimpawu zokunwebeka okutjhisako okuphasi khulu kwezinto ze-quartz zizinto eziqakathekileko ezihlukanisa ubuhle bokuncintisana. Idatha yokuhlolwa itjengisa bona i-coefficient yokunwebeka kokutjhisa kwezinto ze-quartz yi-5.5 × 10⁻7/°C kwaphela, yi-1/10 yengilazi ejayelekileko kanye ne-1/15 ye-corundum ceramics, okwenza bona ibe sezingeni eliphasi khulu nayiqathaniswa nezinto ezisetjenziswa khulu emabubulweni.

Uphawu lolu lunciphisa ukugandeleleka kwangaphakathi kwezinto ze-quartz ngaphasi kwamazinga womtjhiso amakhulu, okurholela ekutheni kube nokujamelana nokutjhisa okukhulu. Ingakghona ukujamelana nobujamo obumbi khulu bokutjhisa nokupholisa msinyana ngaphandle kokuqhekeka, ukuphuka, nofana ukutjhuguluka. Emitjhini edinga ukutjhuguluka kwamazinga womtjhiso njalo, njengama-furnace wokutjhisa ngokunembileko, ama-semiconductor diffusion furnaces, kanye nemitjhini yokucubungula i-laser, iingcenye ze-quartz zigcina ubuqotho besakhiwo isikhathi eside, lokho kwenza bona imitjhini iphile isikhathi eside begodu irhelebhe amakhamphani ukwehlisa iindleko zokubuyisela izinto ezisetjenziswako nokugcina.

Ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali amazinga womtjhiso aphezulu khulu, okufanele ubujamo obubudisi bokugqwala.

Eenkambisweni zamakhemikhali ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezikhethekileko, nokutlola ngokunembileko, imiphumela ehlanganisiweko yamazinga aphezulu womtjhiso nokugqwala kwe-esidi/i-alkali ifuna ukujamelana kwezinto okuphezulu khulu. I-quartz inokungasebenzi kuhle khulu kwamakhemikhali, ukujamelana nokugqwala okuvela kuma-esidi aqinileko, ama-base abuthakathaka, kanye nama-organic solvents, okufaka hlangana i-hydrochloric acid, i-nitric acid, kanye ne-sulfuric acid, ngitjho nasemazingeni womtjhiso aphezulu. Iphendula kwaphela ku-hydrofluoric acid, okwenza bona ilungele ukusetjenziswa eentweni ezinengi.

Nawuqathanisa nobumbi beensimbi, ezithambekele ekutheni kube ne-oksijini nokugqwala ngama-asidi nama-alkali emazingeni womtjhiso aphezulu, kanye nama-ceramics ajayelekileko, athambekele ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali emazingeni womtjhiso aphezulu, izinto ze-quartz ezihlanzekileko zitjengisa ukuminyana okukhulu nokulahlekelwa kwezinto okuncani khulu. Azivumeli ukusilaphazeka nofana zihlanganyele ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali eendaweni ezinezinga lokutjhisa eliphezulu. Lokhu kuvikela isakhiwo esiyinhloko semitjhini begodu kuqinisekisa ngokunembileko ukuhlanzeka kwezinto zokukhiqiza, okwenza ngcono khulu izinga lokukhiqiza lamakhemikhali aphezulu kanye nemikhiqizo yokukhiqiza enembileko.

Ukuvikela amazinga womtjhiso aphezulu nokuzinza kwe-optical kunika amandla amakambiso webubulo aphezulu

Ngaphezu kobuhle bayo bokutjhisa, bomtjhini, kanye namakhemikhali, ukuvikelwa kwegezi kanye nezakhiwo zokukhanya zezinto ze-quartz emazingeni womtjhiso aphezulu zizinto eziqakathekileko ekufanelekeni kwayo emabubulweni aphezulu. Emitjhini ye-elekthronikhi enezinga eliphezulu lokutjhisa, ukwakhiwa kwe-semiconductor wafer, kanye nezimo zemitjhini kagesi enezinga eliphezulu lokutjhisa, izinto ze-quartz zingagcina ukusebenza okuzinzileko kokuvikela isikhathi eside, ukukhandela imiraro efana nokudlulisa, ukuwohloka kwegezi, nokuguga kokuvikela ngebanga lamazinga womtjhiso aphezulu, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuphephileko kwemitjhini kagesi enezinga lokutjhisa eliphezulu.

Khatheso, into le ayitjengisi ukufiphala, ukutjhuguluka kombala, nofana ukwehla kokudlulisa ngaphasi kweendawo ezinezinga eliphezulu lokutjhisa, ukugcina ukukhanya okuzinzileko. Ingasetjenziswa khulu eengcenyeni eziqakathekileko ezifana namafasitela wokutjheja amazinga womtjhiso aphezulu, ama-laser, iinzwa eziphezulu zokutjhisa, kanye nemitjhini yokuhlola okunembileko, ukuhlangabezana neemfuneko zenqubo ephezulu yokukhiqiza i-optoelectronic ephezulu kanye nemikhakha yokuhlola ngokunembileko.

Inani layo lebubulo liya ngokuya liqakatheka, okwenza bona libe yisisekelo esiqakathekileko sokuthuthukisa amabubulo aphezulu.

Njenganje, ukukhiqiza kwezebubulo kuyatjhuguluka msinyana ukuya ekunembeni okuphezulu, ukuzinza okuphezulu, ukuphila isikhathi eside, nokugcinwa okuphasi, ngezimo zokusebenzisa ubujamo bokutjhisa okukhulu okuragela phambili nokwanda. Iinsetjenziswa ze-quartz, ngeenzuzo zazo ezihlanganisiweko zokujamelana namazinga womtjhiso aphezulu, ukujamelana nokutjhisa okutjhisako, ukujamelana nokugqwala, ukuvikela okuphezulu, nokudlulisa ukukhanya okuphezulu, zihlangabezana kuhle neendingo zentuthuko zamabubulo amanengi we-B-end afana nama-semiconductors, amandla amatjha we-photovoltaic, i-aerospace, imitjhini enembileko, namakhemikhali aphezulu.

Abahlaziyi bebubulo batjengisa bona nayiqathaniswa nezinto zebubulo zendabuko, izinto ze-quartz zingalungisa amaphuzu wobuhlungu wokuzinza kwemitjhini okumbi, ukusetjenziswa kwezinto ezinengi, ukungabi nokunemba komkhiqizo okwaneleko, nokuphepha okuphasi kokukhiqiza ngaphasi kweemeko eziphezulu zokutjhisa ukusuka emthonjeni, okusiza amabhizinisi webubulo ukufikelela imigomo emine eqakathekileko: ukwehlisa iindleko, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi, ukusebenza kuhle, nokuphepha. Ngokukhawuleza kokukhiqiza okusezingeni eliphezulu, isikhala sokufaka esikhundleni sezinto ze-quartz ezisezingeni eliphezulu siyaragela phambili nokwanda, okuzokuragela phambili nokunikela amandla wokuthuthukisa iinkambo eziphezulu zokutjhisa emabubulweni ahlukahlukeneko begodu kube yinto eqakathekileko yokusekela iinsombululo zezimo zokusebenza ezimbi khulu zebubulo.